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① Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power （New York: Basic Books, 2004），210.

② John McNeill, Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World （New York: Norton, 2000），25.

③ Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914—1991 （London: Little, Brown, 1994），289.

④  McNeill, Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World. New York: Norton, 2000, 4.